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Learning

Learning

  1. Definition:
    1. A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
  2. Classical Conditioning (First Theory of Learning)
    1. Learning by association
    2. Discovered by accident by a Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov
      1. Expert in digestion
      2. Studied dogs' saliva
      3. The dogs began to salivate too soon, when they heard the footsteps
      4. Bell (taught salivation via bell)
      5. Lights (taught salivation via light)
  3. Stimulus
    1. anything that leads to a reaction
    2. Unconditional stimulus
      1. doesn't have to be learned. The subject automatically reacts to it
      2. Food is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
    3. Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
      1. Subject learned to react to it
  4. Response
    1. The reaction to stimulus
    2. Unconditioned response (UCR)
      1. Response that happens automatically ,no learning is required
    3. Conditioned response (CR)
      1. Response that is learned
    4. Chart
      1. Pasted image 20220715171349.png
  5. Extinction
    1. If the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response will eventually stop.
  6. Generalization
    1. Subject responding to a similar, but not identical stimulus
  7. Discrimination
    1. Subject not responding to similar stimulus

John Watson

  1. The first person to experiment to see if classical conditioning works with humans

Operant Conditioning

Discovered by B.F. Skinner

  1. Learning to do rewarded behaviors, learning not to do punished behaviors.
  2. Skinner box
    1. Glass cage for a rat
    2. "Conditioning Chamber"
    3. See if the rat could learn to press a button that provides him with a reward
  3. Shaping: Rewarding Each step toward the goal behavior
  4. Reinforcement
    1. Reinforcement means increasing the chances of a behavior
    2. Positive Reinforcement means increasing the chances of a behavior by giving the subject something s/he likes
    3. Negative Reinforcement increases the chances of a behavior by taking away something the subject does not like
  5. Punishment
    1. any thing that makes a behavior less likely
    2. Opposite of reinforcement
    3. Disadvantages
      1. Negative Atmosphere
      2. Behavior may be stopped only when punisher is around
      3. Doesn't teach what to do
  6. Difference between between Classical and Operant Conditioning
    1. Classical
      1. Involuntary
      2. Order: Event in environment comes first, behavior of a subject second
    2. Operant
      1. Voluntary
      2. Order: Behavior of subject comes first, is followed by event in the environment.

Behaviorists are not always right. People still learn without punishment or reinforcement.

  1. Latent-Learning is learning without reinforcement or punishment or even behavior
  2. The cognitive perspective assumes that our thoughts are cognizant about the environment is what determines behavior

Learning by observation (Modeling)

by Albert Bandura
Who do we see as our models

  1. Similar
  2. Respected
  3. Seen as successful

Learning by insight

Developed by Kohler

Philosophical perspectives, 4 Theories of learning