X## Neurotransmitters

• Chemical released by axon terminal that diffuses through synaptic gap to influence a near by sell

Neuromodulation

• Released neurochemical is allowed to diffuse away from a releasing axon terminal to have long, distant impacts.
• Travel through CSF
• Can also act as transmitter
• Dopamine
• Interacts metabotropic receptors, the slower complex one

Neurohormones

• Impact NS and are also released from glands into circulation
• Adrenal glans
  • Epinepherin released

Rules

Present in Presynaptic cell
Released in response to presynaptic depolarization

• electrical signaling
  interacts with specific post synaptic receptors
• We have our own built in opiods
  

Acetylcholine (ACh)

• Nicotine impacts
• Smoking impacts all systems using ACh
• found at neuromuscular junction
• bioweapons target cus they can stop people from moving
• released in brainstep and basal forebrain
• arousal and memory
• problem in alzhimer disease
• struggle to stay alert
• autonomic nervous system
  • Nicotine produces heart disease
• Not both catecholamine and monoamine

Dopamine

• Found in: Hypothalamus, ventral tegmentum, Substantia nigra
• significant neuro modulations
• Big reward pathway in basal membrane
• any drug impacting dopamine have addictive potential
• dopamine does not always make you feel rewarded
  • when we suprirsed

Norepinepheren

• Locus coeruleus
• associated with vigilence
• Manging sleep-waking cycles
• PTSD
  • Remain hyervigilent

Serotonin

Sentonergic system, does not cross BBB
5% that does is in Raphe Nuclei

• Sleep-waking, Apitiete, agression, dominance,
• Effects most of bnrain through neuro modulaiton
• Reworking of its role in MDD
• Recent study shows multiple indiciators of low serotonin activity failed to predict MDD
• Melatonin is synthesized from Serotonin in the pionin gland

Histamine

• multi-tasker
• released from hyperthalamis
• old made people drowsy, new dont cross BBB

Glutamate

• can have exitatory and inhibitory efects
• General Exitatory
• name receptors based on the alternate chems in which they react along with their main chem
• MMDA receptor essential to learnign
• in response to damage, neurons release too much glutamate which overdtims and causes more damage
• understanding of psychosis in schizpphrenia

Gaba

• amino acid
• important inhibitory chem in the brain
• Alcohol boosts Gaba, shutting off parts of brain like fronter lobe

Glycine

• Amino Acid
• in Retina
• Important to sleep-waking

Adenosine

• Byproduct of ATP
• Builds up over the day (sleep debt)
• Caffine competes with the adenosine receptors, blocking it produces alertness
• Blocking associated with improved memory and reaction time

Neuropeptides

• More than 40

Gasotransmitters

• Nitric Oxide
• Carbon monoxide
• Hydrogen Sulfide
• Break all rules disscussed
• right through membraned
• interact inside
• presyamptic to post syanpic
• break down easily
• Nitric Oxide found in retina
• affects tone in blood vesels
• ED targets this
• unfortunate side effects on vision
• influences pain, apptetite, temp control, neuro dev, and synaptic plasticity